Our Enigma machine emulator is replicating the encryption process of the Enigma M3 series that was used by the German Navy (Kriegsmarine). It is fitted with a UKW-B reflector. Later on through the war, it was replaced by the M4 series which included a 4 th rotor. Enigma Cipher Machines This page is about the famous Enigma cipher machine, well known for the vital role it played during WWII. Below are descriptions of the various models, their manufacturers, some accessories, patents, computer simulations and codebreaking. There is no such thing as the Enigma. In fact, Enigma is the brand name of a series of cipher machines, developed before and during.
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This page includes various examples of real, contemporary Enigma messages (collected from several sources, acknowledged below). You can decrypt these with the Enigma Simulator app (see the User Guide).
The plain text of the messages is of course in the German language, and may include abbreviations and conventions such as 'X' for a space, 'J' for a quotation mark or 'Q' for the two characters 'CH', so further interpretation and translation will be needed to produce an understandable message in English. Also, being real messages and Enigma machines having no backspace key, there are occasional typos! The decrypts and translations are on another page if you would like to check your results.
Enigma Instruction Manual, 1930
Machine Settings for Enigma I/M3 | |
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Reflector: | A |
Wheel order: | II I III |
Ring positions: | 24 13 22 |
Plug pairs: | AM FI NV PS TU WZ |
This message is taken from a German army instruction manual for the Enigma I (interoperable with the later navy machine, Enigma M3).
Message key: ABL
GCDSE AHUGW TQGRK VLFGX UCALX VYMIG MMNMF DXTGN VHVRM MEVOU YFZSL RHDRR XFJWC FHUHM UNZEF RDISI KBGPM YVXUZ
Turing's Treatise, 1940
Machine Settings for Enigma K Railway | |
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Wheel order: | III I II |
Ring positions: | 26 17 16 13 |
Message included in a document written by Alan Turing for new codebreaker recruits at Bletchley Park.
Message key: JEZA
QSZVI DVMPN EXACM RWWXU IYOTY NGVVX DZ---
Operation Barbarossa, 1941
Machine Settings for Enigma I/M3 | |
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Reflector: | B |
Wheel order: | II IV V |
Ring positions: | 02 21 12 |
Plug pairs: | AV BS CG DL FU HZ IN KM OW RX |
Sent from the Russian front on 7th July 1941.The message is in two parts:
Message key: BLA
EDPUD NRGYS ZRCXN UYTPO MRMBO FKTBZ REZKM LXLVE FGUEY SIOZV EQMIK UBPMM YLKLT TDEIS MDICA GYKUA CTCDO MOHWX MUUIA UBSTS LRNBZ SZWNR FXWFY SSXJZ VIJHI DISHP RKLKA YUPAD TXQSP INQMA TLPIF SVKDA SCTAC DPBOP VHJK-
Message key: LSD
SFBWD NJUSE GQOBH KRTAR EEZMW KPPRB XOHDR OEQGB BGTQV PGVKB VVGBI MHUSZ YDAJQ IROAX SSSNR EHYGG RPISE ZBOVM QIEMM ZCYSG QDGRE RVBIL EKXYQ IRGIR QNRDN VRXCY YTNJR
U-264 (Kapitänleutnant Hartwig Looks), 1942
Machine Settings for Enigma M4 | |
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Reflector: | Thin B |
Wheel order: | β II IV I |
Ring positions: | 01 01 01 22 |
Plug pairs: | AT BL DF GJ HM NW OP QY RZ VX |
Sent from a U-boat on 25th November 1942, this message was enciphered using their standard-equipment Enigma M4 machine.
Message key: VJNA
NCZW VUSX PNYM INHZ XMQX SFWX WLKJ AHSH NMCO CCAK UQPM KCSM HKSE INJU SBLK IOSX CKUB HMLL XCSJ USRR DVKO HULX WCCB GVLI YXEO AHXR HKKF VDRE WEZL XOBA FGYU JQUK GRTV UKAM EURB VEKS UHHV OYHA BCJW MAKL FKLM YFVN RIZR VVRT KOFD ANJM OLBG FFLE OPRG TFLV RHOW OPBE KVWM UQFM PWPA RMFH AGKX IIBG
Scharnhorst (Konteradmiral Erich Bey), 1943
Machine Settings for Enigma M3 | |
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Reflector: | B |
Wheel order: | III VI VIII |
Ring positions: | 01 08 13 |
Plug pairs: | AN EZ HK IJ LR MQ OT PV SW UX |
Charles 4 2 5 – java http proxy and monitors. This message was sent from the battleship Scharnhorst on 26th December 1943, the day on which it was sunk by torpedoes from British destroyers.
Image compressor download. Message key: UZV
YKAE NZAP MSCH ZBFO CUVM RMDP YCOF HADZ IZME FXTH FLOL PZLF GGBO TGOX GRET DWTJ IQHL MXVJ WKZU ASTR
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Ralph Erskine for discovering the 1930 example message, published by Frode Weierud. Turing's Treatise on the Enigma was preserved in the US National Security Agency archives and released to the public in 1996; a version transcribed by Ralph Erskine, Philip Marks and Frode Weierud is available. The Operation Barbarossa message was published by Geoff Sullivan and Frode Weierud as part of their project to discover the keys for many unbroken Enigma messages. The machine settings for the U-264 message were discovered as part of Stefan Krah's M4 Message Breaking Project. The Scharnhorst message was also decrypted as part of the M4 Project.
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The Enigma cipher machine |
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This article contains technical details about the rotors of the Enigma machine. Understanding the way the machine encrypts requires taking into account the current position of each rotor, the ring setting and its internal wiring.
Physical design of rotors[edit]
Detail of rotor internal structure and wiring on display at the US National Cryptologic Museum
Exploded view of an Enigma rotor | Three rotors in sequence | |
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- The right side of a rotor, showing the pin electrical contacts. The Roman numeral V identifies the wiring of the rotor.
- Photo editor 2 3 apk. The left side of an Enigma rotor, showing the flat (plate) electrical contacts. A single turnover notch is visible on the left edge of the rotor.
Rotor electrical view[edit]
The scrambling action of the Enigma rotors shown for two consecutive letters — current is passed through the rotors, around the reflector, and back out through the rotors again. Note: The grayed-out lines represent other possible circuits within each rotor, which are hard-wired to contacts on each rotor.
No letter can map to itself, a cryptographic weakness caused by the same wires being used for forwards and backwards legs.
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Rotor offset[edit]
The effect of rotation on the rotors can be demonstrated with some examples.
As an example, let us take rotor type I of Enigma I (see table below) without any ring setting offset. It can be seen that an A is encoded as an E, a B encoded as a K, and a K is encoded as an N. Notice that every letter is encoded into another.
Enigma M3 Code Book
In the case of the reflectors, in this example Wide B is taken (Reflector B in the table below) where an A is returned as a Y and the Y is returned as an A. Notice that the wirings are connected as a loop between two letters.
When a rotor has stepped, the offset must be taken into account to know what the output is, and where it enters the next rotor.
If for example rotor I is in the B-position, an A enters at the letter B which is wired to the K. Because of the offset this K enters the next rotor in the J position.
With the rotors I, II and III (from left to right), wide B-reflector, all ring settings in A-position, and start position AAA, typing AAAAA will produce the encoded sequence BDZGO.
Ring setting[edit]
The ring settings, or Ringstellung, are used to change the position of the internal wiring relative to the rotor. They do not change the notch or the alphabet ring on the exterior. Those are fixed to the rotor. Changing the ring setting will therefore change the positions of the wiring, relative to the turnover-point and start position.
The ring setting will rotate the wiring. Where rotor I in the A-position normally encodes an A into an E, with a ring setting offset B-02 it will be encoded into K
As mentioned before these encodings only happen after the key is pressed and the rotor has turned. Tracing the signal on the rotors AAA is therefore only possible if a key is pressed while the rotors were in the position AAZ.
With the rotors I, II, III (from left to right), wide B-reflector, all ring settings in B-position, and start position AAA, typing AAAAA will produce the encoded sequence EWTYX.
Rotor wiring tables[edit]
This table shows how the internal wiring connects the right side of the rotor (with the spring-loaded contacts) to the left side. Each rotor is a simple substitution cipher. The letters are listed as connected to alphabet order. If the first letter of a rotor is E, this means that the A is wired to the E. This does not mean that E is wired to A; such looped wiring is only the case with the reflectors.
- Terminology
- The reflector is also known as the reversing drum or, from the German, the Umkehrwalze or UKW.
Rotor # | ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ | Date Introduced | Model Name & Number |
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IC | DMTWSILRUYQNKFEJCAZBPGXOHV | 1924 | Commercial Enigma A, B |
IIC | HQZGPJTMOBLNCIFDYAWVEUSRKX | 1924 | Commercial Enigma A, B |
IIIC | UQNTLSZFMREHDPXKIBVYGJCWOA | 1924 | Commercial Enigma A, B |
Rotor # | ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ | Date Introduced | Model Name & Number |
I | JGDQOXUSCAMIFRVTPNEWKBLZYH | 7 February 1941 | German Railway (Rocket) |
II | NTZPSFBOKMWRCJDIVLAEYUXHGQ | 7 February 1941 | German Railway (Rocket) |
III | JVIUBHTCDYAKEQZPOSGXNRMWFL | 7 February 1941 | German Railway (Rocket) |
UKW | QYHOGNECVPUZTFDJAXWMKISRBL | 7 February 1941 | German Railway (Rocket) |
ETW | QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML | 7 February 1941 | German Railway (Rocket) |
Rotor # | ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ | Date Introduced | Model Name & Number |
I-K | PEZUOHXSCVFMTBGLRINQJWAYDK | February 1939 | Swiss K |
II-K | ZOUESYDKFWPCIQXHMVBLGNJRAT | February 1939 | Swiss K |
III-K | EHRVXGAOBQUSIMZFLYNWKTPDJC | February 1939 | Swiss K |
UKW-K | IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN | February 1939 | Swiss K |
ETW-K | QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML | February 1939 | Swiss K |
Rotor # | ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ | Date Introduced | Model Name & Number |
I | EKMFLGDQVZNTOWYHXUSPAIBRCJ | 1930 | Enigma I |
II | AJDKSIRUXBLHWTMCQGZNPYFVOE | 1930 | Enigma I |
III | BDFHJLCPRTXVZNYEIWGAKMUSQO | 1930 | Enigma I |
IV | ESOVPZJAYQUIRHXLNFTGKDCMWB | December 1938 | M3 Army |
V | VZBRGITYUPSDNHLXAWMJQOFECK | December 1938 | M3 Army |
VI | JPGVOUMFYQBENHZRDKASXLICTW | 1939 | M3 & M4 Naval (FEB 1942) |
VII | NZJHGRCXMYSWBOUFAIVLPEKQDT | 1939 | M3 & M4 Naval (FEB 1942) |
VIII | FKQHTLXOCBJSPDZRAMEWNIUYGV | 1939 | M3 & M4 Naval (FEB 1942) |
Rotor # | ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ | Date Introduced | Model Name & Number |
Beta | LEYJVCNIXWPBQMDRTAKZGFUHOS | Spring 1941 | M4 R2 |
Gamma | FSOKANUERHMBTIYCWLQPZXVGJD | Spring 1942 | M4 R2 |
Reflector A | EJMZALYXVBWFCRQUONTSPIKHGD | ||
Reflector B | YRUHQSLDPXNGOKMIEBFZCWVJAT | ||
Reflector C | FVPJIAOYEDRZXWGCTKUQSBNMHL | ||
Reflector B Thin | ENKQAUYWJICOPBLMDXZVFTHRGS | 1940 | M4 R1 (M3 + Thin) |
Reflector C Thin | RDOBJNTKVEHMLFCWZAXGYIPSUQ | 1940 | M4 R1 (M3 + Thin) |
ETW | ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ | Enigma I |
Technical comments related to Enigma modifications 1939-1945.
Swiss K[edit]
In 1941 it became known to the Swiss that some of their Enigma traffic was being read by the French. It was decided to make some design modifications.
- One of the modifications consisted in modifying the wheel stepping on the Swiss Army machine. The slow, left-hand wheel was made stationary during operation while the second wheel stepped with every key stroke.
- The third wheel and the UKW would step in the normal fashion with Enigma stepping for the third wheel.
- The stationary but rotatable left-hand wheel was meant to make up for the missing stecker connections on the commercial machine.
![Enigma Enigma](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/wasawJ0fjCI/maxresdefault.jpg)
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Swiss Army Enigma machines were the only machines modified. The surviving Swiss Air Force machines do not show any signs of modification. Machines used by the diplomatic service apparently were not altered either.
Turnover notch positions[edit]
The single turnover notch positioned on the left side (plate connector side) of the rotor triggers the stepping motion by engaging the ratchet teeth of the wheel to the left. Later rotors had two turnover notches. The table below lists the turnover notch point of each rotor.
Rotor | Notch | Effect |
---|---|---|
I | Q | If rotor steps from Q to R, the next rotor is advanced |
II | E | If rotor steps from E to F, the next rotor is advanced |
III | V | If rotor steps from V to W, the next rotor is advanced |
IV | J | If rotor steps from J to K, the next rotor is advanced |
V | Z | If rotor steps from Z to A, the next rotor is advanced |
VI, VII, VIII | Z+M | If rotor steps from Z to A, or from M to N the next rotor is advanced |
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Normalized Enigma sequences[edit]
In the following examples you can observe a normal step sequence and a double step sequence. The used rotors are (from left to right) I, II, III, with turnovers on Q, E and V. It is the right rotor's behavior we observe here (turnover V).
- Normal sequence:
Enigma M3 Decoder
- AAU — normal step of right rotor
- AAV — right rotor (III) goes in V—notch position
- ABW — right rotor takes middle rotor one step further
- ABX — normal step of right rotor
- Double step sequence:
- ADU — normal step of right rotor
- ADV — right rotor (III) goes in V—notch position
- AEW — right rotor steps, takes middle rotor (II) one step further, which is now in its own E—notch position
- BFX — normal step of right rotor, double step of middle rotor, normal step of left rotor
- BFY — normal step of right rotor
Fourth rotor[edit]
The German Navy 4-rotor Enigma machine (M4) which was introduced for U-boat traffic on 1 February 1942.
The introduction of the fourth rotor was anticipated because captured material dated January 1941 had made reference to the development of a fourth rotor wheel;[1] indeed, the wiring of the new fourth rotor had already been worked out.
On 1 February 1942, the Enigma messages began to be encoded using a new Enigma version that had been brought into use. The previous 3-rotor Enigma model had been modified with the old reflector replaced by a thin rotor and a new thin reflector. Breaking Shark on 3-rotor bombes would have taken 50 to 100 times as long as an average Air Force or Army message. It seemed, therefore, that effective, fast, 4-rotor bombes were the only way forward. Encoding mistakes by cipher clerks allowed the British to determine the wiring of the new reflector and its rotor.[1]
References[edit]
- Mahon, A. P. (1945), The History of Hut 8 1939–1945, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 4DU: National Archives, Reference HW 25/2CS1 maint: location (link)
Enigma Machine
External links[edit]
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